Ocean Trenches The Deepest Regions on Earth

There are places deep beneath the waves of our planets oceans that remain mysterious and almost unexplored. Some are so deep that their bottoms are as far away from us as the upper reaches of our atmosphere. These regions are called the deep ocean trenches and if they were on a continent, theyd be deep jagged canyons. These dark, once-mysterious canyons plunge down as far as 11,000 meters (36,000 feet) into our planets crust. Thats so deep that if Mount Everest were placed at the bottom of the deepest trench, its rocky peak would be 1.6 kilometers beneath the waves of the Pacific Ocean. Technically, tenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. The harbor fantastic life forms not seen on the surface, animals and plants that thrive in the extreme conditions of the trenches. It has only been in the past few decades that humans could even consider venturing that deep to explore. A NASA mapping view of the Mariana Trench, which contains the Challenger Deep. NASA   Why Do Ocean Trenches Exist? Trenches are part of the seafloor topology that also contains volcanoes and mountain peaks higher than any on the continents. They form as a result of tectonic plate motions. The study of Earth science and tectonic plate motions, explains the factors in their formation, as well as the earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that occur both underwater and on land. Deep layers of rock ride atop Earths molten mantle layer. As they float along, these plates jostle up against each other. In many places around the planet, one plate dives under another. The boundary where they meet is where deep ocean trenches exist. For example, the Mariana Trench, which lies beneath the Pacific Ocean near the Mariana island chain and not far from the coast of Japan, is the product of whats called subduction. Beneath the trench, the Eurasian plate is sliding over a smaller one called the Philippine Plate, which is sinking into the mantle and melting. That combination of sinking and melting formed the Mariana Trench. A combined image of Earths plates, the plate boundaries, and ocean bottom mapping (called bathymetry).   NASA/Goddard Science Visualization Lab. Finding Trenches Ocean trenches exist in all the worlds oceans. They include the Philippine Trench, Tonga Trench, the South Sandwich Trench, the Eurasian Basin and Malloy Deep, the Diamantina Trench, the Puerto Rican Trench, and the Mariana. Most (but not all) are directly related to subduction actions or plates moving apart, which take millions of years to occur. For example, the Diamantina Trench formed when Antarctica and Australia pulled apart many millions of years ago. That action cracked Earths surface and the resulting fracture zone became the trench. Most of the deepest trenches are found in the Pacific Ocean, which overlies the so-called Ring of Fire. That region gets the name due to tectonic activity that also spurs the formation of volcanic eruptions deep beneath the water. The Challenger Deep is part of the Mariana Trench in the South Pacific. This bathymetric map shows the deep in dark blue, along with surrounding underwater terrain. NASA/Goddard Visualization Lab   The lowest part of the Mariana Trench is called the Challenger Deep and it makes up the southernmost part of the trench. It has been mapped by submersible craft as well as surface ships using sonar (a method that bounces sound pulses from the sea bottom and measures the length of time it takes for the signal to return). Not all trenches are as deep as the Mariana. Time seems to erase their existence. Thats because, as they age, trenches are filled with sea-bottom sediments (sand, rock, mud, and dead creatures that float down from higher in the ocean). Older sections of the sea floor have deeper trenches, which happens because heavier rock tends to sink over time. Exploring the Deeps The fact that these deep-ocean trenches existed at all remained a secret until well into the 20th century. Thats because there were no vessels that could explore those regions. Visiting them requires specialized submersible craft. These deep ocean canyons are extremely inhospitable to human life. Although people did send diving bells into the ocean prior to the middle of the last century, none went as deep as a trench. The pressure of the water at those depths would instantly kill a person, so no one dared venture into the deeps of the Mariana Trench until a safe vessel was designed and tested. That changed in 1960 when two men descended in a bathyscaphe called the Trieste. In 2012 (52 years later) filmmaker and underwater explorer James Cameron (of Titanic film fame) ventured down in his Deepsea Challenger craft on the  first solo trip to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Most other deep-sea explorer vessels, such as Alvin (operated by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts), do not dive nearly quite so far, but still can go down around 3,600 meters (around 12,000 feet). The Weird Life in the Deep Ocean Trenches Surprisingly, despite the high water pressure and cold temperatures that exist at the bottoms of trenches, life does flourish in those extreme environments. It ranges from tiny one-celled organisms to tubeworms and other bottom-growing plants and animals, to some very strangel-looking fish. In addition, the bottoms of many trenches are filled with volcanic vents, called black smokers. These continually vent lava, heat, and chemicals into the deep sea. Far from being inhospitable, however, these vents supply much-needed nutrients for types of life called extremophiles, which can survive in the alien conditions.   Future Exploration of Deep Sea Trenches Since the sea bottom in these regions remains largely underexplored, scientists are eager to find out what else is down there. However, exploring the deep sea is expensive and difficult, even though the scientific and economic rewards are substantial. Its one thing to explore with robots, which will continue. But, human exploration (like Camerons deep dive) is dangerous and costly. Future exploration will continue to rely (at least partially) on robotic probes, just as planetary scientists reply on them for the exploration of distant planets. There are many reasons to keep studying the ocean depths; they remain the least-probed of Earths environments and they may contain resources that will help peoples health as well as a deeper understanding of the seabeds. Continued studies will also help scientists understand the actions of plate tectonics, and also reveal new life forms making themselves at home in some of the most inhospitable environments on the planet. Sources â€Å"Deepest Part of the Ocean.†Ã‚  Geology, geology.com/records/deepest-part-of-the-ocean.shtml.â€Å"Ocean Floor Features.†Ã‚  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/ocean-floor-features.â€Å"Ocean Trenches.†Ã‚  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI, www.whoi.edu/main/topic/trenches.US Department of Commerce, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. â€Å"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Ambient Sound at Full Ocean Depth: Eavesdropping on the Challenger Deep.†Ã‚  2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas RSS, 7 Mar. 2016, oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/16challenger/welcome.html.

The Social Survey ( Gss ) - 1135 Words

Participants Data came from the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS) in which 2,538 participants responded, through computer assisted personal interviewing. For the questions on the generosity category, there were only 1,270 responses, as not every respondent was asked those specific questions. Dependent Variables The two variables of interest to this study were on generosity in terms of both volunteerism and philanthropy. Respondents were presented with â€Å"During the past 12 months, how often have you done each of the following things: Done volunteer work for a charity? †¦ Given money to a charity?† Applicable answers for both questions ranged from: more than once a week, once a week, once a month, at least 2 or 3 times in the past year, once in the past year to not at all in the past year; also included were â€Å"don’t know† and â€Å"no answer†. Independent and Control Variables The independent variables utilized included age, race, sex, years of education, religion, marital status, and general happiness. Most of those are considered core demographic factors for any study, thus no explanation is needed, with the exception of happiness. Happiness was included because of the supposed relationship between happiness and generosity; research has stated that volunteering makes people happy and that happy people volunteer more. For this research, no control variables were used as the interest was in seeing the effect, of lack thereof, of all variables on the dependent variables. Thus,Show MoreRelatedThe Uniform Crime Reporting Survey Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesis the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR), which is made of crimes recorded by the police. 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Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay Example For Students

Literature, Arts and Humanities Essay Inductive reasoning proceeds from particular facts too general conclusion (or from effect to cause). Question 5: Multiple Choice Why is architecture considered an art? A) Because architecture provides shelter to humans b) Because architecture is often decorated with art forms c) Because architects use perspective in their work d) Because architecture is concerned with the aesthetic effect of structures in their environment setback: The correct answer is d. Architecture is considered an art because it is concerned With the aesthetic effect Of structures in their surrounding environment. Question 6: Multiple Choice The ideas Of the Renaissance are most commonly seen as paving the way or which of the following movements? A) Feudalism b) Imperialism c) Industrialism d) Age of Enlightenment Feedback: The correct answer is d. The ideas of the Renaissance are seen as paving the way for the Age of Enlightenment. Question 7: Multiple Choice Which of the following figures from the Renaissance worked in sculpture? A) Biostatic b) Rabbles c) Machiavelli d) Denotable Feedback: The correct answer is d. Denotable was a sculptor. The other figures are authors. Question 8: Multiple This philosopher is best known for his argument that a life guided by reason and virtue would lead to happiness. ) Aristotle b) Confucius c) Epicures d) Democratic Feedback: The correct answer is a, Aristotle is best known for for his argument that a life guided by reason and virtue would lead to happiness. Question g: Multiple Choice An art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the illusion of three dimensions is called: a) mesquite b) armature c) tromped Leila d) triage Feedback: The correct answer is c. Tromped Leila is the art technique that uses realistic imagery to create the illusion Of three dimensions. Question 10: Multiple In the Iliad, the poet Homer uses the phrase the wine-dark sea. This is an example fan author using: a) personification b) hyperbole c) a symbol d) a metaphor 2. 02 Module Pre-Test The documentary film An Inconvenient Truth about former vice president AAA Gores campaign to warn the public about climate change is an example of which of the following purposes of art? A) Art revealing beauty. B) Art illuminating the spiritual. C) Art edifying and persuading. ) Art evoking and expressing emotion, Feedback: The correct answer is c, The documentary film An Inconvenient Truth is an example of art being employed to edify and persuade. Question 2: Multiple Choice What is the innate or learned ability to appreciate a work of art? A) Aesthetics b) Aesthetic perception c) Apollonian response d) Shifting perspective Feedback: The correct answer is b. Aesthetic perceptio n is the innate or learned ability to appreciate a work of art. Question 3: Multiple Choice Which of the following American poets helped establish jazz poetry? ) Robert Frost b) Rite Dove c) Maya Angelo d) Longboats Hughes Feedback: The correct answer is d. Longboats Hughes helped establish jazz poetry. Question 4: Multiple Which of the following sis primary color? A) yellow b) green c) orange d) rupee Feedback: The correct answer is a. Yellow is a primary color. Question 5: A watercolors painting to which an opaque white has been added is called a A) fresco b) tempera c) gouache d) acrylic Feedback: The correct answer is c. A gouache is a watercolors painting to which an opaque white has been added. Question 6: Multiple Choice Which of the following artistic disciplines fostered Pictorials? ) Painting b) Printmaking c) Photography d) Landscape Feedback: The correct answer is c, Photography fostered Pastoralist, a movement which used soft focus, special filters and other effects to attempt to match painting and printmaking, Question : Multiple Choice What is the exact duplication of elements (shapes, forms, etc) on either side of a central axis? A) Balance b) Symmetry c) Asymmetry d) Focal area Feedback: The correct answer is b, Symmetry is the exact duplication of elements (shapes, forms, etc) on either side of a (usually imaginary) straight-lined central axis. Question 8: Multiple Choice What is a type of kinetic sculpture in which parts move, often by air currents? A) Pound sculpture b) Ephemeral sculpture c) Ecliptic sculpture d) A mobile Feedback: The correct answer is d. A mobile is a bye of kinetic sculpture in which arts emcee, often by air currents. Question g: Multiple Choice Which of the following movements stresses the inclusion or combination of several different styles in one composition or work Of art? A) International Style b) Functionalism c) Eclecticism d) Formalism Feedback: The correct answer is c. Eclecticism stresses the inclusion or combination of several different styles in one composition or work of art. Question 10: Multiple Choice The elegant gardens at Versailles are an example Of a) informal b) formal c) natural d) sustainable landscape design. Front Back The Scientific method can be described as: Empirical It is based on experiment and observation, rather than theory. Which of the following would best describe a spontaneous, unstructured, creative, passionate reaction to art or culture? Dionysian A detective who gathers clues in order to make sense of a crime is using which mode of study? Inductive Reasoning Working from the specific to the general in attempting to draw conclusions. The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of human cultures. Humanism The creative and intellectual contributions Of humankind. The Disciplines Of the humanities include the formal arts (visual art, music, literature, theatre, cinema, once, and architecture) and philosophy. Humanities Traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some of the natural Phenomenon, the origin Of humanity, or customs or religious rights. Myths the emblematic mythic characters. Mages, plot patterns, symbols, and buried assumptions shared across cultures. Archetypes Use of a symbol object , or image to represent something else (i. E. A concept or idea). Symbolism A figure of speech in which something is explained in terms of something else. Metaphor A myth or archetype (e. G. The Hero) that is present in all societies and cultures, Also known as a world myth. Monthly A method of designing controlled experiments, gathering data, and developing and testing hypotheses about the natural world. Scientific Method An analytical, rational, objective reaction. Apollonian Response Thinking in a linear, step-by-step manner about ideas or problems. Logic A conception of what is artistically valid or beautiful in art, culture, or nature. Aesthetics A spontaneous, unstructured, creative, passionate reaction Dionysian Response A colorful, Image filled , metaphor rich, use of language to describe art or life. Figurative explanation A study Derived from experiment and observation rather than theory. Empirical Congruity or compatibility of parts with on another and with the whole. The state Of all elements being in perfect balance. Harmony The mythic quest in pursuit of some destination or goal whose attainment will lend greater meaning to life. The Journey Reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect). Deductive Reasoning An artistic medium that uses the motion picture as a vehicle for storytelling and other creative expression. Cinema Variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or movements ever time; in poetry, the arraignment of spoken words alternating stresses and unstressed elements. Rhythm a Philosophy which asserts that great happiness in elite is found in avoiding pain. On The Waterfront EssayTexture is the surface quality of materials, either actual or implied. Question 12: Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is false? A) In two. Dimensional art, circles and squares are shapes, b) In two-dimensional art, circles and squares are forms, c) In two-dimensional art, circles and squares are directional lines. D) In vivo- dimensional art, circles and squares are lines on a flat surface with identifiable boundaries. Feedback: The correct answer is c. This is a false statement. Circles and squares are NOT directional lines; they are shapes and forms (that is, lines on a flat surface with identifiable boundaries). Question 13: Multiple Choice An artists use of color is sometimes called a) hue b) luminosity c) saturation d) palette Feedback: The correct answer is d. An artists use of color is sometimes called palette. Question 14: Multiple Choice In two-dimensional art, texture is a) Literal b) Tactile c) Figurative d) Actual Feedback: In two-dimensional art, texture is figurative, implied by contrasts of objects or representations of things with texture. Question 15: Multiple Choice makes a work of art feel cohesive and finished, with all the elements looking as though they belong together a) Balance b) unity c) Contrast d) Emphasis Feedback: The correct answer is b. Unity makes a work Of art feel cohesive and finished, With all the elements looking as though they belong together. Question 16: Multiple Choice Which of the following functions of art is reflected in a museum collection of 1 9th century Wedged china? A) Commerce b) Political and social commentary c) Healing d) Historical artifact Feedback: The correct answer is d. A museum collection of 1 9th century Wedged china would reflect the artifact function. 74/ 100 Pontifical score: 2. 25 Self-Assessment This American photographer was leading advocate of Pictorials. A) Throated Lange b) Alfred Satellite c) Ansell Adams d) Edward Stenches Feedback: The correct answer is c. Alfred Satellite was a leading advocate of Pictorials. Which of the following statements about drawing is false? A) In Western art, drawing is often seen as exploratory, a preparation for more permanent art. B) In East Asia, there isnt as clear a distinction between drawing and painting as in the West. ) Drawing is confined to the use of dry media. D) Quick drawings are called sketches. Feedback: The correct answer is c. Drawing is NOT confined to dry media, liquid media (like pen and ink) can also be used. Question 3: Multiple Serigraphs is also known as a) bibliographic b) lithography c) screenwriting d) intaglio Feedback: The correct answer is c. Serigraphs is also known as screen writing_ Question 4: Multiple Choice Photography as a visual art requires the photographer to: a) design an image b) compose an image c) execute an image d) all Of the above Feedback: The correct answer is d. Photography as a visual art requires the photographer to design, compose, and execute an image. Question S: Multiple Choice A water-based paint that uses egg, glue, or casein as binder is called: a) gouache b) tempera c) acrylic d) fresco Feedback: The correct answer is b. A water-based paint that uses egg, glue, or casein as a binder is called tempera. One advantage of this media for painting is that it does not yellow with age. A) oil paint (linseed) b) acrylic paint c) fresco d) tempera Feedback: The correct answer is b. Acrylic paint does not yellow with age. Question 7: Multiple Choice This technique creates the illusion of depth through gradations to light and shade, a) Linear perspective b) Aerial perspective c) Chiaroscuro d) all of the above Feedback: The correct answer is c. Chiaroscuro creates the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade. Question 8: Multiple Choice Straight or pure photography was advocated by these photographers. ) the Pictorials b) the Realists c) Group f/64 d) none of the above Feedback: The correct answer is c. Straight or pure photography was advocated by Group f,64. In drawing, using dots for tone, texture, and shading is called Blending b) Hatching c) Cross-hatching d) Stippling Feedback: The correct answer is d. Using dots for tone, texture, and shading is called stippling. Question 1 C: Multiple Choice Two-dimensional art that is so naturalistic that it appears to have depth and distance has been dubbed by the French . A) Chiaroscuro b) Tromped Leila c) Gouache d) Fresco Feedback: The correct answer is b. Tromped Leila (French for fool the eye) is two. Emotional art that is so naturalistic that it appears to have depth and distance, Question 11: Multiple Choice The printmaking technique of prints an image from a recessed design incised or etched into the surface off plate. A) Intaglio b) Relief c) Lithography d) Serigraphs Feedback: The correct answer is a. Intaglio prints an image from a recessed design incised or etched into the surface of a plate. 2. 32 Self- Assessment Question l: Multiple Choice The size or apparent size of an object seen in relation to other objects, people, r its environment is: a) scale b) proportion c) perspective d) focal point Feedback: The correct answer is a. Scale is the size or apparent size of an object seen in relation to other objects, people, or its environment. Question 2: Multiple A sculpture employing three-dimensions attached to a background and meant to be seen from one side is called: a) Relief sculpture b) Full round sculpture c) Linear sculpture d) Articulated sculpture Feedback: The correct answer is a. A sculpture employing three-dimensions attached to a background and meant to be seen from one side is called relief sculpture. Question 3: Multiple Choice Frederick Law Almagest is known for his design of: a) the Capital Mall (Washington, DC. B) Central Park (NYC) c) Mount Vernon d) All Of the above Feedback: The correct answer is b. Frederick Law Almagest is known for his design Of Central Park. Question 4: Multiple Choice A projecting beam or bracket stabilized by the weight of the wall from which it extends is called a: a) cantilever b) arch c) bearing wall d) lintel Feedback: The correct answer is a. A cantilever is a pr ojecting beam or bracket stabilized by the weight of the wall from which it extends. Question S: Multiple Choice s when a sculptor shapes the material by hand. A) Substitution b) Subtraction c) Addition d) Manipulation Feedback: The correct answer is d. Manipulation is when a sculptor shapes the material by hand, Question 6: Marcel Duchesss Bicycle Wheel is an example of a: a) statue b) found object sculpture c) mobile d) round sculpture Feedback: The correct answer is b. Marcel Duchesss Bicycle Wheel is an example of a found object sculpture. Question 7: Multiple Choice When a sculptor casts an artwork, he or she is using the process of . A) Subtraction b) Substitution c) Addition d) Manipulation Feedback: The correct answer is b. When a sculptor casts an artwork, he or she is using the process of substitution.